As with all of the other lineage claims, this one fails as well. As mentioned before, a man can only be a member of a tribe if born into that tribe, and if his birth father was a member of that tribe. He cannot be adopted into a tribe, nor can he be a member of any tribe if he didn't have a Jewish birth father. If a man from the tribe of Dan married a widow with a son from the tribe of Naftali, and he deceased husband was not Jewish, then the wife would take on the status as being part of the tribe of Dan, since a woman, as property, takes on the status of her husband, but her son remains tribeless, even though he might live with his mother.
This is similar to the status of Jesus: he didn't have a Jewish birth father, so even though he was living with the members of the tribe of Judah, he wasn't part of that tribe, or any tribe. And if he wasn't part of the tribe of Judah, he certainly wasn't a descendent of Jesse, who was an important personage of the tribe of Judah.
Therefore, Jesus was not part of the literal family line of Jesse.
But let's look at Jesse a little furth to see that there's a big problem with anyone being his descendent which the Jewish leadership have been dancing around for over 2,000 years.
The Term Jew/Jewish
These terms will be used for convenience. The terms themselves were not really in use until (approximately) the period of the Babylonian exile, but it will be easier for me to explain some of the ideas that follow if I use them, even though anachronistically, given the timelines being discussed.
Conversion
There is no such thing as conversion in the Tanach. We read in Ezra and Nehemiah that even they were not aware of it. It has been proposed that the process for a non-Jew to become Jewish was implemented during the time of Hillel, and wasn't fully accepted for some time by the majority of the Jewish leadership.
So there was no process by which, for example, a man from Cush could become a member of the Jewish people, let alone a member of a specific tribe. He could be a "geyr", a stranger who dwelled in their midst and who kept the rules, be he could never be a Jew.
A woman, on the other hand, from Cush could become part of the Jewish people by virtue of her husband. If a Jewish man acquired a woman, she became his property and he was her baal, her husband, owner, master. And as an extension of him, she was a member of his tribe. When she had a son, the son would be a member of that tribe, not because of her status, but because of the status of his birth father.
If he husband died, the woman's association to that tribe was over. She could choose to be a guest of her son, or return to her parents.
To summarize, a non-Jewish man could never become Jewish, and a non-Jewish woman who married a Jew would be Jewish property and would be treated as Jewish so long as her husband was alive.
Exceptions
The Torah details which nations are not allowed to join with the Jews, which means to live among them or, in the case of the women, marrying them. Ezra and Nehemiah reemphasize this by telling the Jews who have just left Babylon and returned to Israel that any who took Moabite wives (and others) had to send them away, for they were not allowed to be part of the Jewish people. Furthermore, they were to send their children away, for they were tainted and undesirable.
The response by all of the Jews (likely hyperbolic) of these draconian decrees, was unanimous in their obedience and sent them away.
Mamzer
A mamzer is the offspring from a forbidden relationship between a man and a woman. Sometimes this is referred to as a "bastard", but it is more extensive than that. A mamzer is not fit to be in a position of authority over the Jewish people, nor is he permitted to marry anyone but a woman mamzer, and his entire lineage is tainted. Biblically, the term "even unto the 10th generation" is used, and this resets all over again if a mamzer takes a non-mamzer Jewish woman as his wife. So it can turn out to be "forever".
This presents a problem, especially with the linage of Jesse (actually, with his father, but the Christians rarely mention Obed).
The Book of Ruth
It is more likely that a lot a Jews rejected and resented those decrees, and the result was a bawdy polemic that tainted the line of Jesse by introducing a Moabite, a forbidden outsider, into the mix. We are introduced to Naomi and her two sons with death names. a "death name" is a name used in Biblical literature where it's obvious that the character is going to die in the next few sentences. In their case, "sickness" and "wasting away" (Mahlon and Chilion).
These sons had wives, one of which was Ruth, the Moabite. When Naomi leaves to return home, Ruth doesn't want to be left alone, so she follows her after saying "Your people are my people, your God is my God".
There are apologists who use this to claim that these were words of her conversion to Judaism. But as noted, there was no such thing during that time and such a view is anachronistic. She was simply saying "I am already part of your people because my husband was", ignoring that this didn't apply to Moabites, nor to non-Jewish childless widows.
We are then introduced to Boaz with an impossible lineage where he his father was listed as having been around during the time of Joshua. We have seduction scenes. Ruth putting her head by his feet (a euphemism), and Boaz felt her and was shocked to find a woman in his bed.
And the story ends with Ruth having a son, who would father Jesse who would father David. But everyone thought that Naomi was the actual mother.
It's quite possible that there was this tradition that Naomi was Jesse's grandmother, and this rather strange tale was given to change all of that and turn Jesse, and by extension, David, into a mamzer, unfit to lead or be king.
The typical apologetic response is that "It says not be found a MOABITE, it does not say MOABITESS, So marrying Moabite women were OK!"
In the first place, the Hebrew grammar is such that masculine titles will include the feminine. So it's a stretch to say that, especially when there's repeated prohibitions against marrying daughters of 7 other nations (Deut. 7:1).
Secondly, "It's ok to marry Moabite women" wasn't how it was taught during the Persian period. Nehemiah (13:23-27) and Ezra (9:1-6) reiterated this by declaring that marrying Moabite women was mortifying, and forbidden by God.
And this was likely the point where the anti-Ezra/Nehemiah draconian laws against Moabites inspired a writer to mock them with his story about Ruth, a story that is often touted today as "A story of the convert", and is read by all religious Jews on the holiday of Shavuot.
So what happened?
So in order to remove the taint of "mamzer" from the lineage of Jesse, Scripture was redefined to clean all of that up and make David acceptable. While the plain text is clear, because of the introduction of the Ruth story, the text became less clear to those who need Jesse to be a non-mamzer.
Although, if you believe in such things, that taint could explain why every Jewish king was tainted in his behavior and appetites.
So while being from the family of Jesse is nothing to brag about, Jesus wasn't part of that, because his birth father wasn't Jewish.
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